Striking developmental convergence in angiosperm endoparasites
نویسندگان
چکیده
Premise A subset of parasitic plants bear extremely reduced features and grow nearly entirely within their hosts. Until recently, most these endoparasites were thought to represent a single clade united by morphology. Current phylogenetic understanding contradicts this assumption indicates distantly related clades, thus offering an opportunity examine convergence among with life history. Methods We sampled species from Apodanthaceae, Cytinaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Rafflesiaceae spanning range developmental stages. To provide broader comparative framework, Santalaceae mistletoes similar lifestyle also analyzed. Microtomography microscopy used analyze growth patterns the ontogeny host–parasite vascular connections. Results demonstrated common development characterized late cell differentiation. These observed form direct connections host vessels cause severe alterations xylem development. Apodanthaceae additionally sieve elements, which connect phloem. Endophytic dramatically different pattern, featuring early differentiation tissue organization, little effect on anatomy cambial activity. Conclusions Our results illuminate two distinct trajectories in endoparasites. One involves retention embryonic characteristics connection vessels, as Rafflesiaceae. The second specialization xylem, exemplified species. differences are hypothesized be absence/presence photosynthesis plants.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: American Journal of Botany
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['0002-9122', '1537-2197']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1658